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At the Vienna summit on 4 June 1961, tensions rose. Meeting with US President John F. Kennedy, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev reissued the Soviet ultimatum to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany and thus end the existing four-power agreements guaranteeing American, British, and French rights to access West Berlin and the occupation of East Berlin by Soviet forces. [1]
1961 1974 Angolan War of Independence Part of the Portuguese Colonial War: FNLA UNITA MPLA FLEC Portugal South Africa: 1961 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuba United States Brigade 2506: 1961 1962 French military rebellion in Algeria [19] [20] Part of the Algerian War France: OAS: 1961 1990 Nicaraguan Revolution: FSLN: Contras Nicaragua: 1961 1961 ...
Barbed Wire Sunday (German: Stacheldrahtsonntag), is the name given to 13 August 1961, when the military and police of East Germany closed the border between East and West Berlin and began the construction of what would become the Berlin Wall. The intention of closing the border was to prevent the migration of East Germans to the West. [1]
The political history of East Germany had four periods: [80] 1949–1961, which saw the building of socialism; 1961–1970, after the Berlin Wall closed off escape, was a period of stability and consolidation; 1971–1985 was termed the "Honecker Era", and saw closer ties with West Germany; and 1985–1990 saw the decline and extinction of East ...
The Gleiwitz Case (German: Der Fall Gleiwitz) is an East German war film directed by Gerhard Klein. It was released in 1961. It was released in 1961. The plot was reconstructed exactly according to the statements of SS-Man Alfred Naujocks before British authorities at the Nuremberg trials .
Frederic LeRoy Pryor (April 23, 1933 – September 2, 2019) [1] [2] was an American economist. While studying in Berlin during the partition of the city in 1961, he was imprisoned in East Germany for six months, then released in a Cold War "spy swap" that also involved downed American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers and Soviet intelligence officer Rudolf Abel.
The politics of economic decline in East Germany, 1945–1989 (U of North Carolina Press, 2000). Long, Andrew. Berlin in the Cold War: Volume 2: The Berlin Wall 1959–1961 (2021) Major, Patrick, and Jonathan Osmond, eds. The workers' and peasants' state: communism and society in East Germany under Ulbricht 1945–71 (Manchester UP, 2002 ...
In that Berlin was entirely within East Germany, all American, British and French access to the city, including the corridors across East Germany between West Germany and Berlin. Khrushchev added that "it is up to the U.S. to decide whether there will be war or peace", that the Soviet decision to sign the treaty was "firm and irrevocable", and ...