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Error-correcting codes are used in lower-layer communication such as cellular network, high-speed fiber-optic communication and Wi-Fi, [11] [12] as well as for reliable storage in media such as flash memory, hard disk and RAM. [13] Error-correcting codes are usually distinguished between convolutional codes and block codes:
Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are a class of highly efficient linear block codes made from many single parity check (SPC) codes. They can provide performance very close to the channel capacity (the theoretical maximum) using an iterated soft-decision decoding approach, at linear time complexity in terms of their block length.
A conditional jump that controls a loop is best predicted with a special loop predictor. A conditional jump in the bottom of a loop that repeats N times will be taken N-1 times and then not taken once. If the conditional jump is placed at the top of the loop, it will be not taken N-1 times and then taken once.
The analysis of errors computed using the global positioning system is important for understanding how GPS works, and for knowing what magnitude errors should be expected.
[1] [2] [3] A collection may provide multiple iterators via its interface that provide items in different orders, such as forwards and backwards. An iterator is often implemented in terms of the structure underlying a collection implementation and is often tightly coupled to the collection to enable the operational semantics of the iterator.
load a float value from local variable 1 fload_2 24 0010 0100 → value load a float value from local variable 2 fload_3 25 0010 0101 → value load a float value from local variable 3 fmul 6a 0110 1010 value1, value2 → result multiply two floats fneg 76 0111 0110 value → result negate a float frem 72 0111 0010 value1, value2 → result
In this example, x 1 =2 and the tentative assignment x 2 =1 is considered. Forward checking only checks whether each of the unassigned variables x 3 and x 4 is consistent with the partial assignment, removing the value 2 from their domains. The simpler technique for evaluating the effect of a specific assignment to a variable is called forward ...
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