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A formula to compute the ebullioscopic constant is: [2] = R is the ideal gas constant. M is the molar mass of the solvent. T b is boiling point of the pure solvent in kelvin. ΔH vap is the molar enthalpy of vaporization of the solvent.
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Endomicroscopy is a technique for obtaining histology-like images from inside the human body in real-time, [1] [2] [3] a process known as ‘optical biopsy’. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It generally refers to fluorescence confocal microscopy , although multi-photon microscopy and optical coherence tomography have also been adapted for endoscopic use.
Antoine Lavoisier is regarded as the inventor of elemental analysis as a quantitative, experimental tool to assess the chemical composition of a compound. At the time, elemental analysis was based on the gravimetric determination of specific absorbent materials before and after selective adsorption of the combustion gases.
Confocal endoscopy, or confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), is a modern imaging technique that allows the examination of real-time microscopic and histological features inside the body. In the word "endomicroscopy", endo- means "within" and -skopein means "to view or observe".
It is defined by the following equation: = | | | | | | | |, where F is the so-called structure factor and the sum extends over all the reflections of X-rays measured and their calculated counterparts respectively. The structure factor is closely related to the intensity of the reflection it describes:
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The simplest form of a group-contribution method is the determination of a component property by summing up the group contributions : [] = +.This simple form assumes that the property (normal boiling point in the example) is strictly linearly dependent on the number of groups, and additionally no interaction between groups and molecules are assumed.