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The denier (/ d ə ˈ n ɪər /; Latin: denarius, Italian: denaro, Greek: δηνάριο, romanized: dinario; abbr. d. ) or penny was a medieval coin which takes its name from the Frankish coin first issued in the late seventh century; [ 1 ] in English it is sometimes referred to as a silver penny.
The livre was established by Charlemagne as a unit of account equal to one pound of silver. [citation needed] It was subdivided into 20 sous (also sols), each of 12 deniers.[citation needed] The word livre came from the Latin word libra, a Roman unit of weight and still the name of a pound in modern French, and the denier comes from the Roman denarius.
In France, the livre was worth 240 deniers (the "Tours penny"). These deniers were first minted by the abbey of Saint Martin, in the province of Touraine.Soon after Philip II of France seized the counties of Anjou and Touraine in 1203 and standardized the use of the livre tournois there, the livre tournois began to supersede the livre parisis (Paris pound) which had been up to that point the ...
Carolingian denarius (Denier) The Carolingian monetary system, also called the Carolingian coinage system [1] or just the Carolingian system, [2] was a currency structure introduced by Charlemagne in the late 8th century as part of a major reform, the effects of which subsequently dominated much of Europe, including Britain, for centuries.
[16] [17] ″Esterlin″ was an Old French word (ca. 1190, Anglo-Norman dialect) that referred to Scottish coin (sterling, or ″denier″). [18] As references cited later on this page show, its application changed over time in accordance with the changing historical context, though it is not current in Modern French.
The livre was the currency of various French colonies until the early 19th century. It was subdivided into 20 sous, each of 12 deniers.It was mostly issued in paper money form and was generally linked to the French livre at the rate of 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 colonial livres = 1 French livre.
The Italian lira and the French livre were derived from the Latin word for pound. Until the French Revolution, the unit of account in France was the livre, which equalled 20 sols or sous, each of which in turn equalled 12 deniers. During the Revolution the franc replaced the livre, and Napoleon's conquest spread the franc to Switzerland and ...
After an initial period during which barter prevailed, the French livre began to circulate. In order to encourage coins into the colony, those circulating in New France were valued at a premium, creating a monnoye de pays (French monnaie de pays in Modern French) worth less than the French currency (monnoye de France, monnaie de France in Modern French).