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Beech bark disease is a disease that causes mortality and defects in beech trees in the eastern United States, Canada and Europe. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In North America , the disease occurs after extensive bark invasion by Xylococculus betulae and the beech scale insect , Cryptococcus fagisuga . [ 4 ]
Beech leaf disease is a newly discovered lethal disease of beech trees believed to be caused by the nematode Litylenchus crenatae mccannii. [1] The symptoms of the disease appear as a dark green, interveinal banding pattern on the lower canopy foliage, eventually spreading throughout the tree.
Litylenchus crenatae mccannii is a newly recognized nematode subspecies believed to be the cause of beech leaf disease. [2] [3] References
Fagus grandifolia is a large deciduous tree [6] growing to 16–35 metres (52–115 feet) tall, [7] with smooth, silver-gray bark.The leaves are dark green, simple and sparsely-toothed with small teeth that terminate each vein, 6–12 centimetres (2 + 1 ⁄ 4 – 4 + 3 ⁄ 4 inches) long (rarely 15 cm or 6 in), with a short petiole.
More than 1400 species of cynipid wasps cause galls. Some 1000 of these are in the tribe Cynipini, their hosts mostly being oak trees and other members of the Fagaceae (the beech tree family). [37] These are often restricted taxonomically to a single host species or a group of related species. Cynipid wasp galls
Cryptococcus fagisuga, commonly known as the beech scale or woolly beech scale, is a felted scale insect in the superfamily Coccoidea that infests beech trees of the genus Fagus. It is associated with the transmission of beech bark disease [ 3 ] because the puncture holes it makes in the bark allow entry of pathogenic fungi which have been ...
Tulip trees Liriodendron tulipifera are another susceptible host. The pathogen infects and causes many smaller bleeding lesions along the trunk and can even cause lesions on leaf tips. [6] Both shrubs and trees share the characteristic symptoms of leaf necrosis with lesions on the stem and trunk proving the severity of this disease. [citation ...
When colonization is extensive in individual trees, mistletoe can adversely affect tree health causing a decline and death. Phoradendron tomentosum primarily infects broad-leaved tree species such as hackberry, mesquite oak, and elm in USDA zone 6 and warmer in the United States. It also commonly infects cherry, walnut, beech, and other tree ...