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Devastation of the populations, cultures, and political structures in most of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Europe. Eventual Mongol withdrawal from Central Europe (1242). Territorial changes: Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, Alania, and the Kievan Rus' principalities conquered and become vassals of the Mongol Empire. The Kingdom of Georgia ...
The Hungarians had first learned about the Mongol threat in 1229, when King Andrew II granted asylum to some fleeing Rus' boyars.Some Magyars (Hungarians), left behind during the main migration to the Pannonian basin, still lived on the banks of the upper Volga (it is believed by some that the descendants of this group are the modern-day Bashkirs, although these people now speak a Turkic ...
In contrast with later "empires of the sea" such as the European colonial powers, the Mongol Empire was a land power, fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. [ a ] Thus most Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grazing for their herds. [ 4 ]
The occupation of Outer Mongolia by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China after the revocation of Outer Mongolian autonomy (Chinese: 外蒙古撤治) began in October 1919 and lasted until 18 March 1921, when Chinese troops in Urga were routed by Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg's White Russian (Buryats, [2] Russians etc.) and Mongolian forces. [3]
In 1259, the Mongols returned under the new command of Burundai (Mongolian: Borolday). According to some sources, Daniel fled to Poland leaving his son and brother at the mercy of the Mongol army. He may have hidden in the castle of Galicia instead. The Mongols needed to secure Poland's aid to Daniel and war booty to feed the demand of their ...
Mongol victory over the Abbasids, Ayyubids and Nizaris; Mamluk victory over the Mongols; Treaty of Aleppo; 1261 2nd Kyrgyz revolt against Mongol empire Mongol empire: Kem-Kemjiut state: Victory 1274 First Mongol invasion of Japan: Mongol Empire: Kamakura Japan: Defeat 1281 Second Mongol invasion of Japan: Mongol Empire: Kamakura Japan: Defeat ...
The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (2003). Tucker, Spencer C., ed. The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia (1996) 816pp; Watson, Alexander. Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I (2014) Wawro, Geoffrey. A Mad Catastrophe: The Outbreak of World War I and the Collapse of the Habsburg Empire (2014)
In Moravia, a supposed victory over the Mongols took on legendary proportions. In Germany, some contemporary writers attributed the Mongols' general retreat from Europe to the intimidating crusading army. In reality, the Mongols likely spared most of Germany because their primary objective was to punish the Hungarian king for supporting the Cumans.