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Some other programming languages have varying case sensitivity; in PHP, for example, variable names are case-sensitive but function names are not case-sensitive. This means that if a function is defined in lowercase, it can be called in uppercase, but if a variable is defined in lowercase, it cannot be referred to in uppercase.
For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy (in newly allocated dynamic memory), while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data to a new string.
In C and C++, keywords and standard library identifiers are mostly lowercase. In the C standard library, abbreviated names are the most common (e.g. isalnum for a function testing whether a character is alphanumeric), while the C++ standard library often uses an underscore as a word separator (e.g. out_of_range).
int toupper(int c); If c is a lowercase letter (a-z), topupper() returns the uppercase version (A-Z). Otherwise toupper() returns c unchanged. toupper() does not convert international characters (those with ASCII codes over 0x80), like ă or ç. To uppercase a whole string you need to write a function something like this:
HTML and XML provide ways to reference Unicode characters when the characters themselves either cannot or should not be used. A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name.
There is rarely anything to say about file extensions; instead, these should in almost all cases be redirects to an article about the file format, a list of file formats (e.g. for the many text-like formats) or a program using the file format (the sole or most common program, e.g. ".doc" → Microsoft Word).
Like raw strings, there can be any number of equals signs between the square brackets, provided both the opening and closing tags have a matching number of equals signs; this allows nesting as long as nested block comments/raw strings use a different number of equals signs than their enclosing comment: --[[comment --[=[ nested comment ...
Small caps, petite caps and italic used for emphasis True small caps (top), compared with scaled small caps (bottom), generated by OpenOffice.org Writer. In typography, small caps (short for small capitals) are characters typeset with glyphs that resemble uppercase letters but reduced in height and weight close to the surrounding lowercase letters or text figures. [1]