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Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach used by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other agencies involved in international development. The approach aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes.
Participatory Rural Appraisal is a method of participatory planning, used most often in the context of international community development. Participatory Rural Appraisal draws heavily on the work of Paulo Freire and his idea of critical consciousness , as well as Kurt Lewin's integration of democratic leadership, group dynamics , experiential ...
Each project issue in participatory development can be divided into stages, and this division facilitates assessment of when and to what degree a participatory approach is relevant. From an institutional perspective, there are four key stages of a development project: Research Stage is where the development problem is accurately defined. All ...
This includes the techniques of participatory rural appraisal, some of which he developed himself or with others. In his later career, there were criticisms of their use, and he questioned whether his unabashed populism had ignored tokenistic manipulation of participatory methods: his experience with larger organisations like the World Bank ...
approaches and methods used to stimulate rural community development, including activities that are carried out in the context of international development; protests and social movements, both historical and contemporary, in which rural people have organized themselves to tackle grievances relating to land ownership, taxation and access to markets;
Participatory technology development (PTD) is an approach to learning and innovation that is used in international development as part of projects and programmes relating to sustainable agriculture. The approach involves collaboration between researchers and farmers in the analysis of agricultural problems and testing of alternative farming ...
The term rural development is not limited to issues of developing countries. In fact many developed countries have very active rural development programs. [citation needed] Rural development aims at finding ways to improve rural lives with the participation of rural people themselves, so as to meet the required needs of rural communities. [20]
Participatory evaluation has also been applied beyond international development aid, and having been involved in humanitarian intervention and aid efforts thus increasing the transparency, accountability, and opportunities to learn. [7] Depending on contexts, participatory evaluation methodologies can vary.