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In the core network, the message is delivered over MAP, USSD Phase 2, as specified in GSM 03.90. [9] After entering a USSD code on a GSM handset, the reply from the GSM operator is displayed within a few seconds. While GSM is being phased out in the 2020s with 2G and 3G, a solution is available for supporting USSD services directly from the LTE ...
This GSM service estimates the call cost for display on the user's mobile phone. [1] This helps users by preventing bill shock [2] and reduces the load on the mobile network operator's customer service department. However, in practice, this GSM service is rarely used because the calculation is more complex than the standard allows.
USSD gateway is based upon the ability of the delivery agent or the source to send and receive USSD messages. A USSD is a session-based protocol. A USSD is a session-based protocol. USSD messages travel over GSM signalling channels, and are used to query information and trigger services.
ETSI and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, such as GSM and LTE, define supplementary service codes that make it possible to query and set certain service parameters (e.g., call forwarding) directly from mobile devices.
Call flow for the mobile terminated Short Message Service. The figure to the right depicts a call flow for mobile-terminated Short Message delivery. [1] For the sake of simplicity, some of the interactions between the VMSC and VLR, and VMSC and Handset, have been omitted, and only the case when SMS home routing is not in use is shown.
In mobile telephony GSM 03.38 or 3GPP 23.038 is a character encoding used in GSM networks for SMS (Short Message Service), CB (Cell Broadcast) and USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data).
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CAMEL Phase 1 defined only very basic call control services, but introduced the concept of a CAMEL Basic call state model (BCSM) to the Intelligent Network (IN). Phase 1 gave the gsmSCF the ability to bar calls (release the call prior to connection), allow a call to continue unchanged, or to modify a limited number of call parameters before allowing it to continue.