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The legal prohibition against Jews owning Jewish slaves was emphasized in the Middle Ages [98] yet Jews continued to own Jewish slaves, and owners were able to bequeath Jewish slaves to the owner's children, but Jewish slaves were treated in many ways like members of the owner's family. [99] [obsolete source]
Jews, Slaves and the Slave Trade: Setting the Record Straight is a 1998 book by Eli Faber. It focuses on Jewish involvement in the American slave trade and was a polemical rebuttal against the Nation of Islam's 1991 book The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews.
The war had profound and far-reaching consequences for the Jewish people. Many were killed, displaced, or sold into slavery. The loss of Jerusalem and the Temple led to a significant reformulation of Jewish political and religious life. In Jewish history, these events mark the transition from the Second Temple period to the Rabbinic period.
Overall, 1% were Germans rejected for military service and 1.5% were concentration camp prisoners the rest were prisoners of war and compulsory labourers from occupied countries. All were effectively treated as slaves and existed in the complete and arbitrary service of a ruthless totalitarian state. Many did not survive the work or the war. [30]
The Tang dynasty purchased Western slaves from the Radhanite Jews. [234] ... Many of these slaves were shipped to the slave market in Novgorod. [322] [323] [324]
It was the first time in about 500 years that Jews were allowed to freely enter and worship in their holiest city. In 717, new restrictions were imposed against non-Muslims that negatively affected the Jews. Heavy taxes on agricultural land forced many Jews to migrate from rural areas to towns.
Jews were again deported from Judea and sold into slavery after the Bar Kokhba revolt. Jews taken as slaves by the Romans and their children were eventually manumitted and joined established Jewish diaspora communities. Many other Jews migrated voluntarily from Judea in the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. [84] [85] [86]
Joseph Jacobs estimated that during the five centuries from 1000 to 1500, 380,000 Jews were killed during the persecutions, reducing the total number in the world to about 1,000,000. In the 16th and 17th centuries the main centers of Jewish population were in Poland and the Mediterranean countries, Spain excepted. [10]