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Homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) is an organosulfur compound with the formula H 2 NCHC(O)SCH 2 CH 2. It is the thiolactone (intramolecular thioester ) of homocysteine . It is produced by methionyl-tRNA synthetase in an error-editing reaction that prevents translational incorporation of homocysteine into proteins .
In the body, homocysteine can be recycled into methionine or converted into cysteine with the aid of vitamin B 6, B 9, and B 12. [3] High levels of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia) is regarded as a marker of cardiovascular disease, likely working through atherogenesis, which can result in ischemic injury.
The activation of the drug clopidogrel (top left) gives a thiolactone, which ring-opens. [3] Thiolactones are intermediates in the activation of some drugs. [4] In nature, the most common thiolactone is homocysteine thiolactone. It is produced from homocysteine. It may play a role in protein damage. [5]
Additionally ethanol can decrease the conversion of homocysteine to methionine which is an essential amino acid that is part of the formation of SAMe. [8] [27] Increased inflammation due to alcohol consumption can increase various cytokine formations especially NF-κB which is a transcription factor. [9]
Risk factors known as of 2010 are: Quantity of alcohol taken: Consumption of 60–80 g per day (14 g is considered one standard drink in the US, e.g. 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 US fl oz or 44 mL hard liquor, 5 US fl oz or 150 mL wine, 12 US fl oz or 350 mL beer; drinking a six-pack of 5% ABV beer daily would be 84 g and just over the upper limit) for 20 years or more in men, or 20 g/day for women ...
Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS) (also known as gut fermentation syndrome, endogenous ethanol fermentation or drunkenness disease) is a condition characterized by the fermentation of ingested carbohydrates in the gastrointestinal tract of the body caused by bacteria or fungi. [1]
The general cause of this disease appears to be prolonged and heavy consumption of alcohol accompanied by a nutritional deficiency. However, there is ongoing debate over the active mechanisms, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] including whether the main cause is the direct toxic effect of alcohol itself or whether the disease is a result of alcoholism-related ...
Per the American Heart Association (AHA), alcohol is one of the leading causes of dilated cardiomyopathy. [2] However, multiple longitudinal studies have shown a paradoxical lowering of dilated cardiomyopathy with modest-to-moderate alcohol consumption. [2] ACM is a type of heart disease that occurs due to chronic alcohol consumption.