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The infection can be asymptomatic or intestinal discomfort and mucous diarrhea. [13] This parasite can start cell apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cell, at early infection. This infection can cause enlarged intestinal crypts, acute to chronic inflammation, atrophy, and fusion and shortening of the intestinal villi. [13]
Intestinal glands are found in the epithelia of the small intestine, namely the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and in the large intestine (colon), where they are sometimes called colonic crypts. Intestinal glands of the small intestine contain a base of replicating stem cells, Paneth cells of the innate immune system, and goblet cells, which ...
Symptoms include liver and kidney failure and vasculitis. [10] Lyme disease* is a disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochaete, and spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes. Symptoms in dogs include acute arthritis, anorexia and lethargy. There is no rash as is typically seen in humans. [11]
Toxocariasis is an illness of humans caused by the dog roundworm (Toxocara canis) and, less frequently, the cat roundworm (Toxocara cati). [1] These are the most common intestinal roundworms of dogs, coyotes, wolves and foxes and domestic cats, respectively. [2] Humans are among the many "accidental" or paratenic hosts of these roundworms. [3]
Paneth cells are found throughout the small intestine and the appendix at the base of the intestinal glands. [2] There is an increase in Paneth cell numbers towards the end of the small intestine. [3] Like the other epithelial cell lineages in the small intestine, Paneth cells originate at the stem cell region near the bottom of the gland. [4]
Eggs are deposited in feces of dogs, becoming infectious after 2–4 weeks. [8] Dogs ingest infectious eggs, allowing the eggs to hatch and the larval form of the parasite to penetrate through the gut wall. In dogs under 3 months of age, the larvae hatch in the small intestine, get into the bloodstream, migrate through the liver, and enter the ...
Secondary infections occur as a result of the weakened immune system. Because the normal intestinal lining is also compromised, blood and protein leak into the intestines, leading to anemia and loss of protein, and endotoxins escape into the bloodstream, causing endotoxemia. Dogs have a distinctive odor in the later stages of the infection.
In domestic dogs in larger kennels, up to three quarters of the animals may be infested. [49] In red foxes in Denmark, a prevalence of 80% was found, making urinary bladder hairworms the most abundant nematode, and foxes a significant natural reservoir of pathogens for infecting dogs. [18] C. plica rarely causes