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Ground-glass opacity (GGO) is a finding seen on chest x-ray (radiograph) or computed tomography (CT) imaging of the lungs. It is typically defined as an area of hazy opacification (x-ray) or increased attenuation (CT) due to air displacement by fluid, airway collapse, fibrosis , or a neoplastic process . [ 1 ]
Acute presentation may reveal poorly defined a micro-nodular interstitial pattern and ground-glass opacities in the lower and mid lung zones. In addition to this, subacute presentations may show reticular nodular opacities in mid-to-lower lung zones. [1] Chronic forms may show fibrotic changes and appear like Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. [3]
PAM may be confined to certain areas or show diffuse distribution through the lungs. [8] Lung biopsy and autopsy specimens demonstrate characteristic intra-alveolar lamellar microliths. [8] [17] Calcium deposits in the alveoli begin in the lower lobes and spread over a period of years throughout the lungs. [5]
The differential diagnosis includes other types of lung disease that cause similar symptoms and show similar abnormalities on chest radiographs. Some of these diseases cause fibrosis, scarring or honeycomb change. The most common considerations include: chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis; non-specific interstitial pneumonia; sarcoidosis
X-ray and CT of ground glass opacities and pneumothorax in pneumocystis pneumonia. [7] Pneumothorax is a well-known complication of PCP. [8] Also, a condition similar to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur in patients with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia, and such individuals may require intubation. [9]
Chest X-rays often show non-specific findings or come back normal. [19] [20] Pulmonary function tests usually reveal a decrease in diffusion capacity and a restrictive pattern. [7] Thoracic high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) often shows signs of DIP, [17] however, HRCT has only been reported on in one study. HRCT shows a ground-glass ...
Clinical tests include chest radiography or (HRCT) which may show centrilobular nodular and ground-glass opacities with air-trapping in the middle and upper lobes of the lungs. Fibrosis may also be evident. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) findings coinciding with pneumonitis typically include a lymphocytosis with a low CD4:CD8 ratio. [7] [13]
Bird fancier's lung (BFL), also known as bird breeder's lung, is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. It can cause shortness of breath , fever , dry cough , chest pain , anorexia and weight loss , fatigue , and progressive pulmonary fibrosis (the most serious complication).
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