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Black-headed gulls, bar-tailed godwits and sanderlings foraging on a beach. A mixed-species feeding flock, also termed a mixed-species foraging flock, mixed hunting party or informally bird wave, is a flock of usually insectivorous birds of different species that join each other and move together while foraging. [1]
This species occurs in relatively stable groups. A dominance hierarchy occurs in Harris's hawks, wherein the mature female is the dominant bird, followed by the adult male and then the young of previous years. Groups typically include from two to seven birds. Not only do birds cooperate in hunting, but they also assist in the nesting process. [24]
When hunting cooperation is across two or more species, the broader term cooperative hunting is commonly used. A well known pack hunter is the gray wolf; humans too can be considered pack hunters. Other pack hunting mammals include chimpanzees, dolphins, such as orcas, lions, dwarf and banded mongooses, and spotted hyenas.
Bird species living in a flock may capture prey, likely injured, from an unsuccessful bird within its flock. [2] This behavior is known as the beater effect and is one of the benefits of birds foraging in a flock with other birds. [2] It can be seen that birds in a flock may perform the information-sharing model. [2]
This bird's call is a sustained laugh, ki ki ki ki, quite different from that of the pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus). One may also hear a constant knocking as they often drum on trees or even metal objects to declare territory. Like most woodpeckers, northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense.
Avian foraging refers to the range of activities and behaviours exhibited by birds in their quest for food. In addition to their unique body adaptations, birds have a range of described behaviours that differ from the foraging behaviours of other animal groups. According to the foraging habitat, birds may be grouped into foraging guilds ...
However, the research goes on to note that "to date, only a handful of snakes have been observed to hunt in groups, and coordination among them — or among any other group-hunting reptiles ...
The breeding season starts at different times in different parts of African harrier-hawk distribution. In Nigeria the breeding season is in March-August [3] and South of the equator it appears that the breeding season is in the austral summer [3] but can vary in the months of different countries in South Africa it is November-December but in Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe it is September–November.