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  2. Diffraction-limited system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_system

    An optical instrument is said to be diffraction-limited if it has reached this limit of resolution performance. Other factors may affect an optical system's performance, such as lens imperfections or aberrations, but these are caused by errors in the manufacture or calculation of a lens, whereas the diffraction limit is the maximum resolution ...

  3. Abbe number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbe_number

    Abbe number. In optics and lens design, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is an approximate measure of the material's dispersion (change of refractive index versus wavelength), with high values of V indicating low dispersion. It is named after Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), the German physicist ...

  4. Optical resolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_resolution

    The ability of a lens to resolve detail is usually determined by the quality of the lens, but is ultimately limited by diffraction.Light coming from a point source in the object diffracts through the lens aperture such that it forms a diffraction pattern in the image, which has a central spot and surrounding bright rings, separated by dark nulls; this pattern is known as an Airy pattern, and ...

  5. Abbe sine condition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbe_sine_condition

    In optics, the Abbe sine condition is a condition that must be fulfilled by a lens or other optical system in order for it to produce sharp images of off-axis as well as on-axis objects. It was formulated by Ernst Abbe in the context of microscopes. [ 1] The Abbe sine condition says that. the sine of the object-space angle should be ...

  6. Condenser (optics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(optics)

    Abbe condensers are difficult to use for magnifications of above 400X, as the aplanatic cone is only representative of a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.6. This condenser is composed of two lenses, a plano-convex lens somewhat larger than a hemisphere and a large bi-convex lens serving as a collecting lens to the first.

  7. Chromatic aberration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration

    Chromatic aberration. Focal length of lens varies with the color of light. In optics, chromatic aberration ( CA ), also called chromatic distortion, color aberration, color fringing, or purple fringing, is a failure of a lens to focus all colors to the same point. [ 1][ 2] It is caused by dispersion: the refractive index of the lens elements ...

  8. Numerical aperture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_aperture

    The numerical aperture with respect to a point P depends on the half-angle, θ1, of the maximum cone of light that can enter or exit the lens and the ambient index of refraction. As a pencil of light goes through a flat plane of glass, its half-angle changes to θ2. Due to Snell's law, the numerical aperture remains the same: NA = n1 sin θ1 ...

  9. Laser level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_level

    Laser level. A rotary laser level set up and used to level sand fill in trenches. The graduated staff is leaning on the pile of sand. In surveying and construction, the laser level is a control tool consisting of a rotating laser beam projector that can be affixed to a tripod. The tool is leveled according to the accuracy of the device and ...

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