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Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism. The cause of pathological nystagmus may be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to a pre-existing neurological disorder.It also may be induced temporarily by disorientation (such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some drugs (alcohol, lidocaine, and other central nervous system depressants, inhalant ...
Positional alcohol nystagmus. Positional alcohol nystagmus (PAN) is nystagmus (visible jerkiness in eye movement) produced when the head is placed in a sideways position. PAN occurs when the specific gravity of the membrane space of the semicircular canals in the ear differs from the specific gravity of the fluid in the canals because of the ...
Vestibulocerebellar syndrome. Vestibulocerebellar syndrome, also known as vestibulocerebellar ataxia, is a progressive neurological disorder that causes a variety of medical problems. Initially symptoms present as periodic attacks of abnormal eye movements but may intensify to longer-lasting motor incapacity. The disorder has been localized to ...
Leber congenital amaurosis. Leber congenital amaurosis ( LCA) is a rare inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the first few months of life. [ 2] It affects about 1 in 40,000 newborns. [ 1] LCA was first described by Theodor Leber in the 19th century. [ 3][ 4] It should not be confused with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, which ...
Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), also known as persistent fetal vasculature syndrome (PFVS), and until 1997 known primarily as persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), [1] is a rare congenital anomaly which occurs when blood vessels within the developing eye, known as the embryonic hyaloid vasculature network, fail to regress as they normally would in-utero after the eye is fully ...
Beagles were a close second, in the worst behaved category. With Havanese, French Bulldogs, and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels following close behind. The top best behaved breeds were Labs ...
Purpose. inner ear function. Videonystagmography (VNG) is a type of testing used to assess vestibular and central nervous system function through the use of eye movement tracking, specifically evaluating nystagmus. [1] The older version of technology used to performed these tests, known as electronystagmography (ENG), leverages ...