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One of the most important factors used to determine the clinical suspicion of malignancy of an adnexal mass is the sonographic appearance of the mass. [2] Indications that the mass is at a higher risk of being malignant include the presence of loculations, nodules , papillary structures, septations , or a size greater than 10 cm. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Large cysts can lead to torsion of the adnexa inflicting acute pain. [3] [4] Prior to surgery, PTCs are usually seen on ultrasonography. However, because of the proximity of the ovary that may display follicle cysts, it may be a challenge to identify a cyst as paratubal or paraovarian. [5]
Large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8% of women before menopause. [1] Ovarian cysts are present in about 16% of women after menopause, and have a higher risk of being cancer than in younger women. [1] [4] If a cyst appears benign during diagnosis, then it has a less than 1% chance of being either cancer or borderline malignant. [11]
The term "adnexitis" is sometimes used to describe an inflammation of the uterine appendages (adnexa). [5] In this context, it replaces the terms oophoritis and salpingitis. The term adnexal mass is sometimes used when the location of a uterine mass is not yet more precisely known. 63% of ectopic pregnancies present with an adnexal mass ...
Grossly, they are, usually, small unilocular cysts that contain clear, straw-coloured fluid. However, they may sometimes be multilocular. Microscopically, the cyst lining consists of a simple epithelium, whose cells may be either: [4] be columnar and tall and contain cilia, resembling normal tubal epithelium
A corpus luteum cyst or luteal cyst is a type of ovarian cyst which may rupture about the time of menstruation, and take up to three months to disappear entirely. A corpus luteum cyst does not often occur in women over the age of 50, because eggs are no longer being released after menopause. Corpus luteum cysts may contain blood and other fluids.
An adnexal mass is a significant finding that often indicates ovarian cancer, especially if it is fixed, nodular, irregular, solid, and/or bilateral. 13–21% of adnexal masses are caused by malignancy; however, there are other benign causes of adnexal masses, including ovarian follicular cyst, leiomyoma, endometriosis, ectopic pregnancy ...
Follicular cyst of ovary: Can occur after menopause, or during childbearing years [36] Theca lutein cyst: Normally occurs postpartum [37] Chocolate cyst: Presence of this type of cyst is an indicator of endometriosis [38] Ovarian germ cell tumors: Benign [39] Dysgerminoma: Typically occurs in young women between the ages of 10–30 years of age ...