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To provide more context, in the latter study, the previously noted bimodular structure (C4A-C4B) has been updated to a quadrimodular structure of one to four discrete segments, containing one or more RP-C4-CYP21-TNX modules. [2] The size of either C4A or C4B gene can be 21 kb (long, L) or 14.6 kb (short, S).
Anaphylatoxins, or complement peptides, are fragments (C3a, C4a and C5a) that are produced as part of the activation of the complement system. [2] Complement components C3, C4 and C5 are large glycoproteins that have important functions in the immune response and host defense. [3]
Each copy of the gene, due to five adjacent nucleotide substitutions cause four amino acid changes and immunological subfunctionalization, [8] can be of one of two types: C4A and C4B. [9] Each gene contains 41 exons and has a dichotomous size variation between approximately 22 kb and 16 kb, with the longer variant being the result of the ...
Each copy of the gene, due to five adjacent nucleotide substitutions cause four amino acid changes and immunological subfunctionalization, [15] can be of one of two types: C4A and C4B. [16] Each gene contains 41 exons and has a dichotomous size variation between approximately 22 kb and 16 kb, with the longer variant being the result of the ...
The binding of C2 and C4b results in C2 being cleaved by C1s into C2a and C2b. C2b diffuses into the plasma as a protein inflammatory mediator while C2a remains attached with C4b, forming the C3-convertase (C4b2a). The function of the membrane-bound C3-convertase is the cleavage of many many molecules of C3 into C3a and C3b.
Baggio–Yoshinari syndrome, formerly known as the Brazilian Lyme-like disease and Brazilian human borreliosis, is a disease transmitted by the bites of Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus genera ticks, [1] but the organism that causes the infection is a distinct variant of the bacteria that causes Lyme with different markers that cannot be reliably detected by the standard North American tests. [2]
The genomic variations have direct implications on the clinical symptoms of tick-borne Lyme disease. For example, B. burgdorferi s.s.’s tick-borne Lyme disease may manifest with arthritis-like symptoms. [9] In contrast, B. garinii’s tick-borne Lyme disease may cause an infection of the central nervous system. [9]
Borrelia burgdorferi is a bacterial species of the spirochete class in the genus Borrelia, and is one of the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans. [1] [2] Along with a few similar genospecies, some of which also cause Lyme disease, it makes up the species complex of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato.