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The concepts of fluid intelligence (g f) and crystallized intelligence (g c) were introduced in 1943 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] According to Cattell's psychometrically -based theory, general intelligence ( g ) is subdivided into g f and g c .
The Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory is an integration of two previously established theoretical models of intelligence: the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence (Gf-Gc) (Cattell, 1941; Horn 1965), and Carroll's three-stratum theory (1993), a hierarchical, three-stratum model of intelligence. Due to substantial similarities between the ...
Thus, for example, a mechanic who has worked on airplane engines for 30 years might have a huge amount of "crystallized" knowledge about the workings of these engines, while a new young engineer with more "fluid intelligence" might focus more on the theory of engine functioning, these two types of abilities might complement each other and work ...
Cattell proposed that general intelligence (g) comprises both fluid intelligence (Gf) and crystallized intelligence (Gc). [3] [4] Whereas Gf is biologically and constitutionally based, Gc is the actual level of a person's cognitive functioning, based on the augmentation of Gf through sociocultural and experiential learning (including formal ...
Domain-general learning theories are in direct opposition to domain-specific learning theories, also sometimes called theories of Modularity. Domain-specific learning theories posit that humans learn different types of information differently, and have distinctions within the brain for many of these domains.
The three-stratum theory is a theory of cognitive ability proposed by the American psychologist John Carroll in 1993. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is based on a factor-analytic study of the correlation of individual-difference variables from data such as psychological tests, school marks and competence ratings from more than 460 datasets.
These cognitive abilities can be organized into frameworks like fluid vs. crystallized and the Unified Cattell-Horn-Carroll model, [4] which contains abilities like fluid reasoning, perceptual speed, verbal abilities, and others. Intelligence is different from learning. Learning refers to the act of retaining facts and information or abilities ...
As with Cattell, Horn rejected the existence of an even higher level factor of general intelligence ‘g’ asserted by Spearman (1927). In Horn (1988) he reported a full list of such broad level abilities: g c (crystallized) g f (fluid) g v (visual) g a (auditory) q f (quantitative) g s (processing speed) TSR (Long-term storage and retrieval)