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The three certainties compose a rule within English trusts law on the creation of express trusts that, to be valid, ... Trusts and Equity (8th ed.). Pearson Longman.
Knight v Knight (1840) 49 ER 58 is an English trusts law case, embodying a simple statement of the "three certainties" principle. This has the effect of determining whether assets can be disposed of in wills , or whether the wording of the will is too vague to allow beneficiaries to collect what appears on the face of the will to be theirs.
The creation of express trusts in English law must involve four elements for the trust to be valid: capacity, certainty, constitution and formality. Capacity refers to the settlor's ability to create a trust in the first place; generally speaking, anyone capable of holding property can create a trust.
Maxims of equity are legal maxims that serve as a set of general principles or rules which are said to govern the way in which equity operates. They tend to illustrate the qualities of equity, in contrast to the common law, as a more flexible, responsive approach to the needs of the individual, inclined to take into account the parties' conduct and worthiness.
To be valid in equity, a trust must satisfy the following elements: Property or rights of a kind which can be the subject of a trust; A declaration of trust or disposition on trust by a person legally competent to create a trust; Certainty of property and objects (trust must be administratively workable) Compliance with requirements regarding ...
Paul v Constance [1976] EWCA Civ 2 / [1977] 1 W.L.R. 527 is an English trust law case. It sets out what will be sufficient to establish that someone has intended to create a trust, the first of the "three certainties".
These trusts come in two forms: automatic resulting trusts, and presumed resulting trusts. Automatic resulting trusts arise from a "gap" in the equitable title of property. The equitable maxim "equity abhors a vacuum" is followed: it is against principle for a piece of property to have no owner. As such, the courts assign the property to ...
[2] [3] Alastair Hudson, Professor of Equity and Law at Queen Mary, University of London, suggests the potential for a third class of secret trust. This is where the dying person is encouraged not to make a will so that his property passes to the next-of-kin, on the agreement that the next-of-kin give effect to his wishes via a secret trust.