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Built-in variable optical attenuators may be either manually or electrically controlled. A manual device is useful for one-time set up of a system, and is a near-equivalent to a fixed attenuator, and may be referred to as an "adjustable attenuator". In contrast, an electrically controlled attenuator can provide adaptive power optimization.
Example_of_a_sliding_mode_control.pdf (316 × 295 pixels, file size: 130 KB, MIME type: application/pdf) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons . Information from its description page there is shown below.
In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. [32] New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, and protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for ...
There also exist optical attenuators that decrease the signal in a fiber optic cable intentionally. Attenuation of light is also important in physical oceanography . This same effect is an important consideration in weather radar , as raindrops absorb a part of the emitted beam that is more or less significant, depending on the wavelength used.
In fiber-optic communication, a single-mode optical fiber (SMF), also known as fundamental- or mono-mode, [1] is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single mode of light - the transverse mode. Modes are the possible solutions of the Helmholtz equation for waves, which is obtained by combining Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions.
An attenuator is a passive broadband electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without appreciably distorting its waveform. An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two work by different methods. While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain less than unity. An attenuator is often ...
Attenuators are used in electronics to reduce the level of a signal. They are also referred to as pads due to their effect of padding down a signal by analogy with acoustics. Attenuators have a flat frequency response attenuating all frequencies equally in the band they are intended to operate. The attenuator has the opposite task of an amplifier.
The following illustrations show the OFF and ON states of a single pixel (which could instead be a segment of a character) of a twisted nematic light modulator liquid crystal display operating in the "normally white" mode, i.e., a mode in which light is transmitted when no electrical field is applied to the liquid crystal: