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The map function originated in functional programming languages. The language Lisp introduced a map function called maplist [3] in 1959, with slightly different versions already appearing in 1958. [4] This is the original definition for maplist, mapping a function over successive rest lists:
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
Filter is a standard function for many programming languages, e.g., Haskell, [1] OCaml, [2] Standard ML, [3] or Erlang. [4] Common Lisp provides the functions remove-if and remove-if-not. [5] Scheme Requests for Implementation (SRFI) 1 provides an implementation of filter for the language Scheme. [6]
Higher-order programming is a style of computer programming that uses software components, like functions, modules or objects, as values. It is usually instantiated with, or borrowed from, models of computation such as lambda calculus which make heavy use of higher-order functions. A programming language can be considered higher-order if ...
This padding is the first step of a two-step padding scheme used in many hash functions including MD5 and SHA. In this context, it is specified by RFC1321 step 3.1. This padding scheme is defined by ISO/IEC 9797-1 as Padding Method 2.
In mathematics and computer science, a higher-order function (HOF) is a function that does at least one of the following: takes one or more functions as arguments (i.e. a procedural parameter, which is a parameter of a procedure that is itself a procedure), returns a function or value as its result. All other functions are first-order functions.
Mask generation functions, as generalizations of hash functions, are useful wherever hash functions are. However, use of a MGF is desirable in cases where a fixed-size hash would be inadequate. Examples include generating padding, producing one-time pads or keystreams in symmetric-key encryption, and yielding outputs for pseudorandom number ...
For example, the padding to add to offset 0x59d for a 4-byte aligned structure is 3. The structure will then start at 0x5a0, which is a multiple of 4. However, when the alignment of offset is already equal to that of align , the second modulo in (align - (offset mod align)) mod align will return zero, therefore the original value is left unchanged.