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The humeral head may migrate upward (high-riding humeral head) secondary to tears of the infraspinatus, or combined tears of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. [51] The migration can be measured by the distance between: A line crossing the center of a line between the superior and inferior rims of the glenoid articular surface (blue in image).
The supraspinatus muscle performs abduction of the arm, and pulls the head of the humerus medially towards the glenoid cavity. [5] It independently prevents the head of the humerus from slipping inferiorly. [5] The supraspinatus works in cooperation with the deltoid muscle to perform abduction, including when the arm is in an adducted position. [5]
When the humerus is driven from the glenoid cavity, its relatively soft head impacts against the anterior edge of the glenoid. The result is a divot or flattening in the posterolateral aspect of the humeral head, usually opposite the coracoid process. The mechanism which leads to shoulder dislocation is usually traumatic but can vary ...
When this happens, a pocket at the front of the glenoid forms that allows the humeral head to dislocate into it. It is an indication for surgery and often accompanied by a Hill-Sachs lesion, damage to the posterior humeral head. [5] A bony Bankart is a Bankart lesion that includes a fracture of the anterior-inferior glenoid cavity of the ...
A dislocated shoulder is a condition in which the head of the humerus is detached from the glenoid fossa. [2] Symptoms include shoulder pain and instability. [ 2 ] Complications may include a Bankart lesion , Hill-Sachs lesion , rotator cuff tear , or injury to the axillary nerve .
Traditional shoulder replacement (known as anatomic shoulder replacement) was developed to treat glenohumeral arthritis and consists of resurfacing the native humeral head and glenoid to create smooth articular surfaces to provide pain relief and improved range of motion. Variations of this procedure have been performed as early as 1883. [5]
The glenohumeral joint has been analogously described as a golf ball (head of the humerus) sitting on a golf tee (glenoid fossa). [ 5 ] The rotator cuff compresses the glenohumeral joint during abduction of the arm, an action known as concavity compression, in order to allow the large deltoid muscle to further elevate the arm.
One example of a commonly used regional anesthetic is an interscalene brachial plexus block and it has been used in a number of shoulder procedures including instability repairs, proximal humeral prosthetic replacements, total shoulder arthroplasties, anterior acromioplasties, rotator cuff repairs, and operative treatment of humeral fractures. [24]