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This increases to 5% to 13% among those who have more difficult deliveries and 50% with C-sections before the use of preventive antibiotics. [1] In 2015, these infections resulted in 17,900 deaths down from 34,000 deaths in 1990. [4] [7] They are the cause of about 10% of deaths around the time of pregnancy. [2]
Delivery Before 37 Weeks - premature infants require more medical intervention and have less effective immune defenses, so these neonates are at increased risk of infection Prolonged Rupture of Membranes (PROM) - the amount of time between the rupture of amniotic membranes and delivery of the neonate is directly correlated with risk of neonatal ...
For 20-25% of anomalies there seems to be a "multifactorial" cause, meaning a complex interaction of multiple minor genetic anomalies with environmental risk factors. Another 10–13% of anomalies have a purely environmental cause (e.g. infections, illness, or drug abuse in the mother). Only 12–25% of anomalies have a purely genetic cause.
Human T-lymphotropic virus [9] Syphilis [10] Zika fever, caused by Zika virus, can cause microcephaly and other brain defects in the child. [11] COVID-19 in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of stillbirth with an odds ratio of approximately 2. [12] Hepatitis B may also be classified as a vertically transmitted infection.
Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs when a human fetus is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) via maternal-fetal transmission and develops birth defects. [1] The most common congenital defects affect the ophthalmologic, cardiac, auditory, and neurologic systems. [2]
In the immediate postpartum period (puerperium), 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. [8] [9] Long-term health problems (persisting after six months postpartum) are reported by 31% of women. [10] In 2016, complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium resulted globally in 230,600 deaths, down from 377,000 deaths ...
Brain damage may be caused by a number of factors, including fetal malformation due to genetic mutation or exposure to toxins, intrauterine hypoxia, or physical trauma during delivery. [12] Cerebral palsy is one example of brain damage incurred before or during delivery; about 10,000 children are diagnosed with cerebral palsy every year. [13]
[5] [13] Pregnancy is "the presence of an implanted human embryo or fetus in the uterus"; implantation occurs on average 8–9 days after fertilization. [15] An embryo is the term for the developing offspring during the first seven weeks following implantation (i.e. ten weeks' gestational age), after which the term fetus is used until birth. [5]