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Recrystallization is a method used to purify chemicals by dissolving a mixture of a compound and its impurities, in an appropriate solvent, prior to heating the solution. [1] Following the dissolution of crude product, the mixture will passively cool, yielding a crystallized compound and its impurities as separate entities.
Water purification combines a number of methods to produce potable or drinking water. Downstream processing refers to purification of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food ingredients produced by fermentation or synthesized by plant and animal tissues, for example antibiotics, citric acid, vitamin E, and insulin.
purification by chromatography, distillation or recrystallization. The work-up steps required for a given chemical reaction may require one or more of these manipulations. Work-up steps are not always explicitly shown in reaction schemes.
This can be considered a crude form of recrystallization performed without changes in temperature. In pharmacy , trituration can also refer to the process of grinding one compound into another to dilute one of the ingredients, add volume for processing and handling, or to mask undesirable qualities.
Zone distillation is the distillation analog of zone recrystallization. Impurity distribution in the condensate is described by known equations of zone recrystallization – with the replacement of the distribution co-efficient k of crystallization - for the separation factor α of distillation.
TsOH is most often supplied as the monohydrate, and it may be necessary to remove the complexed water before use. Impurities can be removed by recrystallization from its concentrated aqueous solution followed by azeotropic drying with toluene. [2] TsOH finds use in organic synthesis as an "organic-soluble" strong acid. Examples of uses include:
Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) [1] is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength.
A sublimatory [1] [2] or sublimation apparatus is equipment, commonly laboratory glassware, for purification of compounds by selective sublimation. In principle, the operation resembles purification by distillation , except that the products do not pass through a liquid phase .