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The Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (TCPA) was passed by the United States Congress in 1991 and signed into law by President George H. W. Bush as Public Law 102-243. It amended the Communications Act of 1934. The TCPA is codified as 47 U.S.C. § 227.
The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), also known as the "Digital Telephony Act," is a United States wiretapping law passed in 1994, during the presidency of Bill Clinton (Pub. L. No. 103-414, 108 Stat. 4279, codified at 47 USC 1001–1010).
[14] [page needed] Although laws vary somewhat in different states, in general, the danger must be imminent and the breach of confidentiality should be made to someone who is in a position to reduce the risk of the danger. [12] People who would be appropriate recipients of such information would include the intended victim and law enforcement.
The Uniform Law Commission has proposed a model bill – the Uniform Personal Data Protection Act (“UPDPA”), which “provides a reasonable level of consumer protection without incurring the compliance and regulatory costs associated with some existing state regimes.” [2]
The law also applies Article I, Section 2 of the California Constitution to colleges and universities. California is the only state to grant First Amendment protections to students at private postsecondary institutions. Attempts at a federal Leonard Law and for Leonard Laws in other states have not succeeded.
"Electronic communications" means any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic, photoelectronic or photooptic system that affects interstate or foreign commerce, but excludes the following: [2] Wire or oral communication
The law set up the structure of FOIA as we know it today. President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his misgivings, [14] [15] signed the FOIA into law. [16] That law was initially repealed. During the period between the enactment of the act and its effective date, Title 5 of the United States Code was enacted into positive law. [17]
For the English law on the use of force in crime prevention, see Self-defence in English law.The Australian position on the use of troops for civil policing is set out by Michael Head in Calling Out the Troops: Disturbing Trends and Unanswered Questions; [4] compare "Use of Deadly Force by the South African Police Services Re-visited" [5] by Malebo Keebine-Sibanda and Omphemetse Sibanda.