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As the granulomas are caused by collections of immune system cells, particularly T cells, there has been some success using immunosuppressants (like cyclophosphamide, cladribine, [122] chlorambucil, and cyclosporine), immunomodulatory (pentoxifylline and thalidomide), and anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment [123] [124] (such as infliximab ...
Other signs and symptom may include haematuria; [10] loin pain; [10] abdominal mass; [12] malaise, which is a general feeling of unwellness; [12] weight loss and/or loss of appetite; [13] anaemia resulting from depression of erythropoietin; [10] erythrocytosis (increased production of red blood cells) due to increased erythropoietin secretion ...
A mediastinal tumor is a tumor in the mediastinum, the cavity that separates the lungs from the rest of the chest. It contains the heart , esophagus , trachea , thymus , and aorta . The most common mediastinal masses are thymoma (20% of mediastinal tumors), usually found in the anterior mediastinum, followed by neurogenic Timor (15–20% ...
One of the first visible spots where these tumors metastasize is one of the left supraclavicular lymph node. Virchow's nodes take their supply from lymph vessels in the abdominal cavity , and are therefore sentinel lymph nodes of cancer in the abdomen, particularly gastric cancer , ovarian cancer , testicular cancer and kidney cancer , that has ...
Sertoli–Leydig cell tumour is a testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor and is a member of the sex cord-stromal tumour group [2] of ovarian and testicular cancers. The tumour occurs in early adulthood (not seen in newborn), is rare, comprising less than 1% of testicular tumours. [ 1 ]
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymph nodes of pulmonary hila. It is a radiographic term for the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and is most commonly identified by a chest x-ray .
Similarly, the presence of contralateral hilar adenopathy frequently, though not uniformly, includes patients in the limited-disease category. [13] [14] The traditional TNM classification system is preferred over the 2-stage system when surgery is the recommended treatment option. [4]
Löfgren syndrome; Löfgren syndrome includes some of the same symptoms as traditional sarcoidosis, and presents with erythema nodosum (especially of the lower extremities), bilateral arthritis of the ankle joints, and hilar lymphadenopathy.