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The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
An English language pangram being used to demonstrate the Bitstream Vera Sans typeface. The best-known English pangram is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog". [1]It has been used since at least the late 19th century [1] and was used by Western Union to test Telex/TWX data communication equipment for accuracy and reliability. [2]
By the turn of the 20th century, the phrase had become widely known. In the January 10, 1903, issue of Pitman's Phonetic Journal, it is referred to as "the well known memorized typing line embracing all the letters of the alphabet". [7] Robert Baden-Powell's book Scouting for Boys (1908) uses the phrase as a practice sentence for signaling. [5]
Latin Capital Letter Z with acute: 0313 U+017A ź 378 ź Latin Small Letter Z with acute 0314 U+017B Ż 379 Ż Latin Capital Letter Z with dot above: 0315 U+017C ż 380 ż Latin Small Letter Z with dot above 0316 U+017D Ž 381 Ž Latin Capital Letter Z with caron: 0317 U+017E ž 382 ž Latin Small Letter Z with caron 0318
Letter spacing may also refer to the insertion of fixed spaces, as was commonly done in hand-set metal type to achieve letter spacing. Fixed spaces vary by size and include hair spaces, thin spaces, word spaces, en-spaces, and em-spaces. An en-space is equal to half the current point size, and an em-space is the same width as the current point ...
Circled Latin capital letter C ¤ Currency sign: Square lozenge ("Pillow") various Currency symbols † ‡ Dagger: Obelus: Footnotes, Latin cross – — Dash: Hyphen, Hyphen-minus, minus sign: Em dash, En dash ° Degree sign: Masculine ordinal indicator * * * Dinkus: Asterism, Fleuron, Dingbat (many) Dingbat: Dinkus, Fleuron ⌀ Diameter
A seven-segment display suffices for numerals and certain letters, but unambiguously rendering the ISO basic Latin alphabet requires more detail. [3] A slight variation is the sixteen-segment display which allows additional legibility in displaying letters or other symbols.
The ampersand (&) has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, as in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011. [2] & was regarded as the 27th letter of the English alphabet, as taught to children in the US and elsewhere. [vague] An example may be seen in M. B. Moore's 1863 book The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks. [3]