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The "Classical Sudanese" monarchic tumuli-building tradition, which lasted in Sudan (e.g., Kerma, Makuria, Meroe, Napata, Nobadia) until the early period of the 6th century CE as well as in West Africa and Central Africa until the 14th century CE, notably preceded the spread of Islam into the West African and Sahelian regions of Africa. [30]
Metalworking in West Africa has been dated as early as 2,500 BC at Egaro west of the Termit in Niger, and iron working was practiced there by 1,500 BC. [77] Iron smelting has been dated to 2,000 BC in southeast Nigeria. [78] Central Africa provides possible evidence of iron working as early as the 3rd millennium BC. [79]
Map of Central Africa: Dark Green: Central Africa (Geographic) Medium Green: Middle Africa (UN Subregion) Light Green/Gray: Central African Federation (Political: Defunct) The history of Central Africa has been divided into its prehistory, its ancient history, the major polities flourishing, the colonial period, and the post-colonial period, in which the current nations were formed.
Archaic traits found in human fossils of West Africa (e.g., Iho Eleru fossils, which dates to 13,000 BP) and Central Africa (e.g., Ishango fossils, which dates between 25,000 BP and 20,000 BP) may have developed as a result of admixture between archaic humans and modern humans or may be evidence of late-persisting early modern humans. [6]
Central Africa has also had high outbreaks of deadly diseases such as AIDS and Ebola fever, and has also experienced numerous “coups d’etat, prolonged civil wars, and even genocide.” [1] The first archaeological research was completed in the early 1900s. Modern studies began in the 1960s, and more systematic studies were completed from ...
Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period (c. 3150 BC to 30 BC) The ancient history of North Africa is inextricably linked to that of the Ancient Near East and Europe. This is particularly true of the various cultures and dynasties of Ancient Egypt and of Nubia.
[5] [18] [19] [20] Homo naledi, discovered in South Africa in 2013 and tentatively dated to about 300,000 years ago, may represent fossil evidence of such an archaic human species. [21] Neanderthals spread across the Near East and Europe, while Denisovans appear to have spread across Central and East Asia and to Southeast Asia and Oceania.
Some of the earliest pottery in Africa has also been found in the Sahara and is associated with hunter/gatherer populations. [51] By 9,400 BCE, in Ounjougou, central Mali, pottery is thought to been independently invented by local hunter-gatherers as they became more sedentary and began to intensively gather local wild grains (such as millet). [52]