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Pranayama (Sanskrit: प्राणायाम, "Prāṇāyāma") is the yogic practice of focusing on breath. In yoga, the breath is associated with prana, thus, pranayama is a means to elevate the prana-shakti, or life energies. Pranayama is described in Hindu texts such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
Although ashtanga yoga keeps a general principle of steady and even inhalations and exhalations, the particulars of pranayama during the asana practice are debated. In his book Yoga Mala, Pattabhi Jois recommends remaining in each posture for five to eight breaths, or else staying in each posture for as long as possible. [23]
Kumbhaka terminology of breath retention in pranayama [1]. Kumbhaka is the retention of the breath in the yoga practice of pranayama.It has two types, accompanied (by breathing) whether after inhalation or after exhalation, and, the ultimate aim, unaccompanied.
The posture, asana, must be steady and comfortable for a long time, in order for the yogi to practice the limbs from pranayama until samadhi. The main aim is kaivalya , discernment of Puruṣa , the witness-conscious, as separate from Prakṛti , the cognitive apparatus, and disentanglement of Puruṣa from its muddled defilements.
The kriya yoga pranayama practices are a form of kundalini-practice, which culminate in kriya, the "inner fire rite," the internalized Vedic fire sacrifice. [16] Yael Bentor further explains that in the Upanishads this internalized fire ritual is associated with the maintenance of life, through breathing and eating.
More research on humming for stress or anxiety relief is needed, but one recent small study found that the practice appeared to have a positive affect on stress; humming may also increase ...
Pranayama is one of the core practices of Haṭha yoga, found in its major texts as one of the limbs regardless of whether the total number of limbs taught are four or more. [75] [76] [77] It is the practice of consciously regulating breath (inhalation and exhalation), a concept shared with all schools of yoga. [78] [79]
The practice of pranayama (focusing on the breath) is mentioned in hymn 1.5.23 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, [109] and pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses) is mentioned in hymn 8.15 of Chandogya Upanishad. [109] [note 7] The Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana (probably before the 6th c. BCE) teaches breath control and repetition of a mantra. [111]
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