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Alternative fuels, also known as non-conventional and advanced fuels, [1] are fuels derived from sources other than petroleum. [2] Alternative fuels include gaseous fossil fuels like propane, natural gas, methane, and ammonia; biofuels like biodiesel, bioalcohol, and refuse-derived fuel; and other renewable fuels like hydrogen and electricity. [3]
Synthetic production of liquid fuels (i.e., gasoline and oil substitutes) in the United States has a long history. In the 19th century, dozens facilities produced oil, gas, grease and paraffin from coal, but by 1873, cheap petroleum caused the last coal oil plant to close.
Substitute natural gas (SNG), or synthetic natural gas, is a fuel gas (predominantly methane, CH 4) that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal, oil shale, or from biofuels (when it is named bio-SNG) or using electricity with power-to-gas systems.
Methanol fuel is an alternative biofuel for internal combustion and other engines, either in combination with gasoline or independently. Methanol (CH 3 OH) is less expensive to sustainably produce than ethanol fuel, although it is more toxic than ethanol and has a lower energy density than gasoline.
There is concern that the current growing demand for vegetable oil is causing deforestation, with old forests being replaced with oil palms. [29] When land is cleared, it is often burned, releases large amounts of the greenhouse gas CO 2. Vegetable oil production would have to increase substantially to replace gasoline and diesel.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, about half of the nation's 450,000 brownfields — sites containing hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants — is property compromised ...
The Federal Government grant was discontinued in 1985. Auto propane demand began to decline in the early 1990s due to changes in technology and relatively low cost of gasoline and diesel fuel. An increase in demand has occurred since 2010, as a result of lower prices relative to gasoline and diesel fuel and improved technology.
The white gas sold today is a similar product but is produced at refineries and has a very low benzene content, benzene being a human carcinogen. [ 5 ] Though Coleman fuel has an octane rating of 50 to 55 and a flammability similar to gasoline, it has none of the additives found in modern gasoline .