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Levetiracetam, sold under the brand name Keppra among others, is a novel antiepileptic drug [7] used to treat epilepsy. [8] It is used for partial-onset , myoclonic , or tonic–clonic seizures, [ 7 ] and is taken either by mouth as an immediate or extended release formulation or by injection into a vein .
Seletracetam (UCB 44212) is a pyrrolidone-derived [2] drug of the racetam family that is structurally related to levetiracetam (trade name Keppra). [2] [3] It was under development by UCB Pharmaceuticals as a more potent and effective anticonvulsant drug to replace levetiracetam but its development has been halted.
[2] [3] However, when a medication is administered via routes other than intravenous, its bioavailability is lower due to intestinal epithelium absorption and first-pass metabolism. Thereby, mathematically, bioavailability equals the ratio of comparing the area under the plasma drug concentration curve versus time (AUC) for the extravascular ...
Distribution in pharmacology is a branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of a drug from one location to another within the body. Once a drug enters into systemic circulation by absorption or direct administration, it must be distributed into interstitial and intracellular fluids.
The time required for 50% of a given dose of drug to be absorbed into the systemic circulation. [7] 1.0 h Absorption rate constant: The rate at which a drug enters into the body for oral and other extravascular routes.
Biological value (BV) is a measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food which becomes incorporated into the proteins of the organism's body. It captures how readily the digested protein can be used in protein synthesis in the cells of the organism.
In other cases, topical is defined as applied to a localized area of the body or to the surface of a body part regardless of the location of the effect. [4] [5] By this definition, topical administration also includes transdermal application, where the substance is administered onto the skin but is absorbed into the body to attain systemic ...
The fastest route of absorption is inhalation. [5] Absorption is a primary focus in drug development and medicinal chemistry, since a drug must be absorbed before any medicinal effects can take place. Moreover, the drug's pharmacokinetic profile can be easily and significantly changed by adjusting factors that affect absorption.