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The colour is strongest in the upper part, and change at a depth of 50 to 100 centimetres (20 to 40 in) progressively to the part of the soil that is mainly not affected by processes; that is the parent material. The soil profiles are designated by the letters A , E (eluviated soil), B and C (parent material).
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The result is that leaching of the soil profile occurs; in which mobile chemicals are washed out of the topsoil, or A horizon, and accumulate lower down, in the B horizon. These soils have large amounts (more than 5%) of organic carbon in the surface horizon, which is therefore dark in colour.
Podzol soil monolith with inconspicuous eluviation; coarse granular structure of top mineral horizon (Ahe or Ap) is evidence of earthworm invasion. These acid soils have a B horizon containing accumulations of amorphous materials composed of humified organic matter associated with aluminum and iron.
About 1,000 soil subgroups are defined in the United States. [6] A soil family category is a group of soils within a subgroup and describes the physical and chemical properties which affect the response of soil to agricultural management and engineering applications. The principal characteristics used to differentiate soil families include ...
Field equipment for soil description. Soil morphology is the branch of soil science dedicated to the technical description of soil, [1] particularly physical properties including texture, color, structure, and consistence. Morphological evaluations of soil are typically performed in the field on a soil profile containing multiple horizons. [2]
Berkshire soil series is the name given to a well-drained loam or sandy loam soil which has developed on glacial till in parts of southern Quebec, eastern New York State and New England south to Massachusetts.
Charlottetown soil series is the name given to a deep fine sandy loam soil which has developed under forest vegetation on glacial till. This series occurs only on Prince Edward Island , where it is widespread and so important for agriculture that it has been designated as the Provincial Soil.