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A dysgerminoma is a type of germ cell tumor; [1] it usually is malignant and usually occurs in the ovary.. A tumor of the identical histology but not occurring in the ovary may be described by an alternate name: seminoma in the testis [2] or germinoma in the central nervous system or other parts of the body.
In men, testicular swelling is the most common presenting feature. Other symptoms depend on age and the type of tumour. If it is secreting androgens the tumour is usually asymptomatic, but can cause precocious puberty in pre-pubertal boys. If the tumour secretes oestrogens it can cause feminisation in young boys.
Given that many cases of Sertoli–Leydig cell tumor of the ovary are hereditary, referral to a clinical genetics service should be considered. The prognosis is generally good as the tumour tends to grow slowly and usually is benign: 25% are malignant. [citation needed] For malignant tumours with undifferentiated histology, prognosis is poor. [7]
The ovarian disease has two forms, juvenile and adult, both characterized by indolent growth, [1] and therefore has high recovery rates. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The staging system for these tumours is the same as for epithelial tumours and most present as stage I. [ 4 ] The peak age at which they occur is 50–55 years, but they may occur at any age.
Ovarian germ cell tumors (OGCTs) are heterogeneous tumors that are derived from the primitive germ cells of the embryonic gonad, which accounts for about 2.6% of all ovarian malignancies. [1] There are four main types of OGCTs, namely dysgerminomas , yolk sac tumor , teratoma , and choriocarcinoma .
Tumor of the ovary vary remarkably as they may arise from any of the 3 cell types of the normal ovary. Ovarian tumors are classified according to the histology of the tumor, obtained in a pathology report. Histology dictates many aspects of clinical treatment, management, and prognosis. The most common forms are:
Krukenberg tumors often come to the attention when they cause abdominal or pelvic pain, bloating, ascites, or pain during sexual intercourse.Krukenberg tumors can occasionally provoke a reaction of the ovarian stroma which leads to hormone production, that results in vaginal bleeding, a change in menstrual habits, or hirsutism, [3] or occasionally virilization [4] as a main symptom.
A prospective study of ovarian sex cord–stromal tumours in children and adolescents began enrolling participants in 2005. [14] The International Ovarian and Testicular Stromal Tumor Registry is studying these rare tumours and collecting data on them to further research. Targeted treatments are being evaluated for these tumours as well. [1]