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  2. Lewis's trilemma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis's_trilemma

    This argument has been used in various forms throughout church history. [2] It was used by the American preacher Mark Hopkins in Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity (1846), a book based on lectures delivered in 1844. [3] Another early use of this approach was by the Scottish preacher "Rabbi" John Duncan (1796–1870), around 1859–1860 ...

  3. Pascal's wager - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal's_wager

    To be put at the beginning of Pascal's planned book, the wager was meant to show that logical reasoning cannot support faith or lack thereof: We have to accept reality and accept the reaction of the libertine when he rejects arguments he is unable to counter.

  4. Five Ways (Aquinas) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)

    The Quinque viæ (Latin for "Five Ways") (sometimes called "five proofs") are five logical arguments for the existence of God summarized by the 13th-century Catholic philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas in his book Summa Theologica. They are:

  5. Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga's_free-will...

    Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense is a logical argument developed by the American analytic philosopher Alvin Plantinga and published in its final version in his 1977 book God, Freedom, and Evil. [1] Plantinga's argument is a defense against the logical problem of evil as formulated by the philosopher J. L. Mackie beginning in 1955.

  6. Criticism of Christianity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity

    However, a counter argument by Stephen Maitzen suggests that the ethical inconsistency in the bible that is not followed by most Christians or Jews today, such as the execution of homosexuals, blasphemers, disobedient children, or the punishment for mixing linen and cloth, ultimately undermines the skeptical theism argument. [117] Christian ...

  7. Transcendental argument for the existence of God - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_argument...

    Second, Bahnsen conflates "atheism" with "materialism" and has really presented an argument against materialism, not an argument for Christianity. Third, Bahnsen believed that the laws of logic, laws of science, and laws of morality are abstract objects , but Christianity arguably underdetermines the relationship between God and abstract objects.

  8. Gödel's ontological proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gödel's_ontological_proof

    According to the authors of this effort, they were inspired by Melvin Fitting's book. [21] In 2014, they computationally verified Gödel's proof (in the above version). [22]: 97 [note 9] They also proved that this version's axioms are consistent, [note 10] but imply modal collapse, [note 11] thus confirming Sobel's

  9. Argument from reason - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_reason

    The argument from reason is a transcendental argument against metaphysical naturalism and for the existence of God (or at least a supernatural being that is the source of human reason). The best-known defender of the argument is C. S. Lewis. Lewis first defended the argument at length in his 1947 book, Miracles: A Preliminary Study.

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