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Tempering was usually performed by slowly, evenly overheating the metal, as judged by the color, and then immediately cooling, either in open air or by immersing it in water. This produced much the same effect as heating at the proper temperature for the right amount of time, and avoided embrittlement by tempering within a short time period.
Lead can form a low-melting slag capable of fluxing protective oxide scales. [7] [8] Lead is more often known for causing stress corrosion cracking in common materials that are exposed to molten lead. The cracking tendency of lead has been known for some time, since most iron based alloys, including those used in steel containers and vessels ...
Rust scale forming and flaking off from a steel bar heated to its forging temperature of 1200°C. Rapid oxidation occurs when heated steel is exposed to air. Rust is a general name for a complex of oxides and hydroxides of iron, [4] which occur when iron or some alloys that contain iron are exposed to oxygen and moisture for a long period of ...
Special alloys, either with low carbon content or with added carbon "getters" such as titanium and niobium (in types 321 and 347, respectively), can prevent this effect, but the latter require special heat treatment after welding to prevent the similar phenomenon of "knifeline attack". As its name implies, corrosion is limited to a very narrow ...
Other damaging processes can also involve calcium leaching by water infiltration, physical phenomena initiating cracks formation and propagation, fire or radiant heat, aggregate expansion, sea water effects, leaching, and erosion by fast-flowing water. [1] The most destructive agent of concrete structures and components is probably water.
Tin-plate; tin-lead solder: −0.65 Lead, solid or plated; high lead alloys: −0.70 2000 series wrought aluminium: −0.75 Iron, wrought, gray, or malleable; low alloy and plain carbon steels: −0.85 Aluminium, wrought alloys other than 2000 series aluminium, cast alloys of the silicon type: −0.90
Temperatures in this area are much lower due to the cooling of the sea. If this extremely cathodic region is placed close to an anodic source (e.g. a corroding ballast pipe), cathodic blistering may occur especially where the epoxy coating is relatively new. Mud retained in ballast water can lead to microbial corrosion. [4]
Unexpected and premature failure of chemical process equipment, for example, due to stress corrosion cracking constitutes a serious hazard in terms of safety of personnel, operating facilities and the environment. By weakening the reliability of these types of equipment, such failures also adversely affect productivity and profitability.