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French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.
For example, Italian Braille uses the old French quotation marks ⠦ ⠀ ⠴ and asterisk ⠔, but also shifted the old French parentheses ⠶ ⠀ ⠶ to brackets and innovated ⠢ ⠀ ⠔ for parentheses; in addition, it uses point 3, ⠄, for both apostrophe and full stop / period. A sample of Moon type in various languages including French.
Les Lettres Françaises (French for "The French Letters") is a French literary publication, founded in 1941 by writers Jacques Decour and Jean Paulhan.Originally a clandestine magazine of the French Resistance in German-occupied territory, it was one of the many publications of the National Front resistance movement.
French also uses œ in direct borrowings from Latin and Greek. So, "coeliac" in French is cœliaque, "fetus / foetus" is fœtus and "Oedipus" is Œdipe. In such cases, the œ is classically pronounced [e], or, sometimes, in modern pronunciation, [œ]. In some words, like phénix and économique, the etymological œ is changed to a more French é.
The first volume was published by T. Cadell in 1790 with the full title of Letters written in France, in the summer 1790, to a friend in England; containing various anecdotes relative to the French revolution; and memoirs of Mons. and Madame du F----. The twenty-six letters cover Williams' visits to various locations associated with the ...
Spelling and punctuation before the 16th century was highly erratic, but the introduction of printing in 1470 provoked the need for uniformity.. Several Renaissance humanists (working with publishers) proposed reforms in French orthography, the most famous being Jacques Peletier du Mans who developed a phonemic-based spelling system and introduced new typographic signs (1550).
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