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  2. International English Language Testing System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_English...

    Task 1: test takers describe a graph, table, chart, map, process, pie chart or diagram in their own words. Task 2: test takers discuss a point of view, argument, or problem. Depending on the task, test takers may be required to present a solution to a problem, present and justify an opinion, compare and contrast evidence, opinions and ...

  3. Source–message–channel–receiver model of communication

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source–message–channel...

    These skills are important for communication to succeed. They differ from communicator to communicator and also from situation to situation. [8] For verbal communication, Berlo discusses the encoding skills of writing and speaking as well as the decoding skills of reading and listening.

  4. BLUF (communication) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLUF_(communication)

    This conciseness in communication comes from placing at the start the conclusion the summarized vital information and actions. In journalistic writing, BLUF resembles the inverted pyramid structure for the latter also aims to serve the readers well by arranging the story elements in descending order of importance. Like the inverted pyramid ...

  5. Situation, task, action, result - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situation,_task,_action...

    The situation, task, action, result (STAR) format is a technique [1] used by interviewers to gather all the relevant information about a specific capability that the job requires. [ citation needed ] Situation : The interviewer wants you to present a recent challenging situation in which you found yourself.

  6. Wiio's laws - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiio's_laws

    The fundamental Wiio's law states that "Communication usually fails, except by accident". The full set of laws is as follows: Communication usually fails, except by accident. If communication can fail, it will. If communication cannot fail, it still most usually fails. If communication seems to succeed in the intended way, there's a ...

  7. International Test of English Proficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Test_of...

    The writing and speaking portions of the test are self-graded to help test-takers grasp the criteria that will be used to evaluate their work. The Prep Guide is sold online for about $27USD. [ 16 ] An edition for the Chinese market was published by Beijing Foreign Studies University -based Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press in 2016 ...

  8. Minimalism (technical communication) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalism_(technical...

    A historian of technical communication, R. John Brockmann, points out that Fred Bethke and others at IBM enunciated task orientation as a principle a decade earlier in a report on IBM Publishing Guidelines. Carroll observes that modern users are often already familiar with much of what a typical long manual describes.

  9. Grounding in communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounding_in_communication

    Grounding in communication is a concept proposed by Herbert H. Clark and Susan E. Brennan. It comprises the collection of "mutual knowledge, mutual beliefs, and mutual assumptions" that is essential for communication between two people. [1] Successful grounding in communication requires parties "to coordinate both the content and process".