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Particle accelerators or colliders produce collisions (interactions) of particles (like the electron or the proton).The colliding particles form the Initial State.In the collision, particles can be annihilated or/and exchanged producing possibly different sets of particles, the Final States.
d is the particle diameter; A n are experimentally determined coefficients. For air (Davies, 1945): [2] A 1 = 1.257 A 2 = 0.400 A 3 = 0.55. The Cunningham correction factor becomes significant when particles become smaller than 15 micrometers, for air at ambient conditions. For sub-micrometer particles, Brownian motion must be taken into account.
Stokesian dynamics [1] is a solution technique for the Langevin equation, which is the relevant form of Newton's 2nd law for a Brownian particle.The method treats the suspended particles in a discrete sense while the continuum approximation remains valid for the surrounding fluid, i.e., the suspended particles are generally assumed to be significantly larger than the molecules of the solvent.
Thermal velocity or thermal speed is a typical velocity of the thermal motion of particles that make up a gas, liquid, etc. Thus, indirectly, thermal velocity is a measure of temperature. Technically speaking, it is a measure of the width of the peak in the Maxwell–Boltzmann particle velocity distribution.
In fluid mechanics and transport phenomena, an eddy is not a property of the fluid, but a violent swirling motion caused by the position and direction of turbulent flow. [ 4 ] A diagram showing the velocity distribution of a fluid moving through a circular pipe, for laminar flow (left), time-averaged (center), and turbulent flow, instantaneous ...
Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a computational method used for simulating the mechanics of continuum media, such as solid mechanics and fluid flows. It was developed by Gingold and Monaghan [ 2 ] and Lucy [ 3 ] in 1977, initially for astrophysical problems.
The moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method is a computational method for the simulation of incompressible free surface flows. It is a macroscopic, deterministic particle method (Lagrangian mesh-free method ) developed by Koshizuka and Oka (1996) .
The Shields parameter, also called the Shields criterion or Shields number, is a nondimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow. It is a dimensionalization of a shear stress , and is typically denoted ψ {\displaystyle \psi } or θ {\displaystyle \theta } .