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The following is a list of cities that have implemented smart city initiatives, organized by continent and then alphabetically.. The Institute for Management Development and Singapore University of Technology and Design rank cities in the Smart City Index according to technological, economic and human criteria (e.g., the quality of life, the environment and inclusiveness).
Smart cities integrate information and communication technology (ICT), and devices connected to the Internet of things (IOT) network to optimize city services and connect to citizens. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] ICT can be used to enhance quality, performance, and interactivity of urban services, to reduce costs and resource consumption and to ...
According to Forrester Research, solution architecture is one of the key components by which Enterprise Architecture delivers value to the organization. It entails artifacts such as a solution business context, a solution vision and requirements, solution options (e.g. through RFIs, RFPs or prototype development) and an agreed optimal solution with build and implementation plans ("road-map").
Decentralized Internet of things, or decentralized IoT, is a modified IoT which utilizes fog computing to handle and balance requests of connected IoT devices in order to reduce loading on the cloud servers and improve responsiveness for latency-sensitive IoT applications like vital signs monitoring of patients, vehicle-to-vehicle communication ...
South Korea’s national IoT Master Plan makes explicit reference to oneM2M as a strategic enabler for IoT applications and companies developing IoT solutions. [10] The city of Busan is implementing an open platform based on oneM2M to support a smart-city eco-system of industry-university associations.
REST is a scalable architecture which allows for things to communicate over Hypertext Transfer Protocol and is easily adopted for IoT applications to provide communication from a thing to a central web server. [35] MQTT is a publish-subscribe architecture on top of TCP/IP which allows for bi-directional communication between a thing and a MQTT ...
The Gough Map, dating to about 1360, is the oldest known road map of Great Britain. In 1500, Erhard Etzlaub produced the "Rom-Weg" (Way to Rome) Map, the first known road map of medieval Central Europe. It was produced to help religious pilgrims reach Rome for the occasion of the "Holy Year 1500".
Following this early work, the growing interest in and implementation of the Internet of things started to raise some questions about the application layer of the IoT. [5] While most of the work in the IoT space focused on network protocols, there was a need to think about the convergence of data from IoT devices.