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The Arab conquest of Egypt, led by the army of Amr ibn al-As, took place between 639 and 642 AD and was overseen by the Rashidun Caliphate. [1] It ended the seven-century-long Roman period in Egypt that had begun in 30 BC and, more broadly, the Greco-Roman period that had lasted about a millennium.
The history of Egypt under the British lasted from 1882, when it was occupied by British forces during the Anglo-Egyptian War, until 1956 after the Suez Crisis, when the last British forces withdrew in accordance with the Anglo-Egyptian agreement of 1954. The first period of British rule (1882–1914) is often called the "veiled protectorate".
The Byzantine Empire after the Arabs conquered the provinces of Syria and Egypt c. 650. The Byzantine province of Egypt held strategic importance for its grain production, naval yards, and as a base for further conquests in Africa. [51] The Muslim general Amr ibn al-As began the conquest of the province on his own initiative in 639. [59]
The UK would set up the Central Treaty Organization to serve as the Middle East equivalent of NATO in 1955 before it was disbanded in 1979. [47] In 2011 the Arab Spring would begin in Tunisia and soon spread across the Arab world. During the Arab Spring many Arab countries underwent pro-democracy revolutions against their ruling governments. [48]
By the end of the Mamluk period, the ratio of Muslims to Christians in Egypt may have risen to 10:1. [20] According to the medieval Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi, soon afterwards in "all the provinces of Egypt, both north and south, no church remained that had not been razed.... Thus did Islam spread among the Christians of Egypt." [26]
After an interval of independence, during which three indigenous dynasties reigned (the 28th, 29th and 30th dynasty), Artaxerxes III (358–338 BC) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief second period (343–332 BC), which is called the Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt, thus starting another period of pharaohs of Persian origin.
Egypt was ruled by many dynasties from the start of Islamic control in 639 until the early 16th century. The Umayyad period lasted from 658 to 750. The Umayyad period lasted from 658 to 750. The Abbasid period which came after was much more focused on taxes and centralizing power.
The British conquest of Egypt, also known as the Anglo-Egyptian War (Arabic: الاحتلال البريطاني لمصر, romanized: al-iḥtilāl al-Brīṭānī li-Miṣr, lit. ' British occupation of Egypt '), occurred in 1882 between Egyptian and Sudanese forces under Ahmed ‘Urabi and the United Kingdom .