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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
Denaturation (biochemistry), a structural change in macromolecules caused by extreme conditions. Denaturation (fissile materials), transforming fissile materials so that they cannot be used in nuclear weapons. Denaturation (food), intentional adulteration of food or drink rendering it unfit for consumption while remaining suitable for other uses.
The conversion of ethanol to ethylene is a fundamental example: [3] [4] CH 3 CH 2 OH → H 2 C=CH 2 + H 2 O. The reaction is accelerated by acid catalysts such as sulfuric acid and certain zeolites. These reactions often proceed via carbocation intermediates as shown for the dehydration of cyclohexanol. [5] Some alcohols are prone to dehydration.
Crystal structure of β-glucosidase from Thermotoga neapolitana (PDB: 5IDI).Thermostable protein, active at 80°C and with unfolding temperature of 101°C. [1]In materials science and molecular biology, thermostability is the ability of a substance to resist irreversible change in its chemical or physical structure, often by resisting decomposition or polymerization, at a high relative ...
Equilibrium unfolding. In biochemistry, equilibrium unfolding is the process of unfolding a protein or RNA molecule by gradually changing its environment, such as by changing the temperature or pressure, pH, adding chemical denaturants, or applying force as with an atomic force microscope tip. [1][2] If the equilibrium was maintained at all ...
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO; also polyphenol oxidase i, chloroplastic), an enzyme involved in fruit browning, is a tetramer that contains four atoms of copper per molecule. [1] PPO may accept monophenols and/or o -diphenols as substrates. [2]
Biological roles of the elements. A large fraction of the chemical elements that occur naturally on the Earth's surface are essential to the structure and metabolism of living things. Four of these elements (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) are essential to every living thing and collectively make up 99% of the mass of protoplasm. [1]
Protein engineering. Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. [1] It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein ...