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Blum Blum Shub (B.B.S.) is a pseudorandom number generator proposed in 1986 by Lenore Blum, Manuel Blum and Michael Shub [1] that is derived from Michael O. Rabin 's one-way function. Blum Blum Shub takes the form. where M = pq is the product of two large primes p and q. At each step of the algorithm, some output is derived from xn+1; the ...
Fisher–Yates shuffle. The Fisher–Yates shuffle is an algorithm for shuffling a finite sequence. The algorithm takes a list of all the elements of the sequence, and continually determines the next element in the shuffled sequence by randomly drawing an element from the list until no elements remain. [1] The algorithm produces an unbiased ...
Lavarand. Lavarand, also known as the Wall of Entropy, was a hardware random number generator designed by Silicon Graphics that worked by taking pictures of the patterns made by the floating material in lava lamps, extracting random data from the pictures, and using the result to seed a pseudorandom number generator. [1]
The variant problem can be solved by the reflection method in a similar way to the original problem. The number of possible vote sequences is (+). Call a sequence "bad" if the second candidate is ever ahead, and if the number of bad sequences can be enumerated then the number of "good" sequences can be found by subtraction and the probability ...
Ignoring for a moment the problem of layer 0, and given uniform random variables U 0 and U 1 ∈ [0,1), the ziggurat algorithm can be described as: Choose a random layer 0 ≤ i < n. Let x = U 0 x i. If x < x i +1, return x. Let y = y i + U 1 (y i +1 − y i). Compute f(x). If y < f(x), return x. Otherwise, choose new random numbers and go back ...
Dice are an example of a mechanical hardware random number generator. When a cubical die is rolled, a random number from 1 to 6 is obtained. Random number generation is a process by which, often by means of a random number generator (RNG), a sequence of numbers or symbols that cannot be reasonably predicted better than by random chance is generated.
A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic or procedure. The algorithm typically uses uniformly random bits as an auxiliary input to guide its behavior, in the hope of achieving good performance in the "average case" over all possible choices of random determined by the random bits; thus either the running time, or the output (or both) are ...
Bertrand's box paradox is a veridical paradox in elementary probability theory. It was first posed by Joseph Bertrand in his 1889 work Calcul des Probabilités. There are three boxes: a box containing two gold coins, a box containing two silver coins, a box containing one gold coin and one silver coin. A coin withdrawn at random from the three ...
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