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Nullification, in United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal laws which they deem unconstitutional with respect to the United States Constitution (as opposed to the state's own constitution). There are similar theories that any officer, [1] jury, [2] or individual [3 ...
t. e. The nullification crisis was a sectional political crisis in the United States in 1832 and 1833, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between the state of South Carolina and the federal government. It ensued after South Carolina declared the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore ...
David Dunning Some researchers include a metacognitive component in their definition. In this view, the Dunning–Kruger effect is the thesis that those who are incompetent in a given area tend to be ignorant of their incompetence, i.e., they lack the metacognitive ability to become aware of their incompetence. This definition lends itself to a simple explanation of the effect: incompetence ...
Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, [a] or congeniality bias[2]) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values. [3] People display this bias when they select information that supports their views, ignoring contrary information, or when ...
Jury nullification, also known in the United Kingdom as jury equity, [1][2] or a perverse verdict, [3][4] is when the jury in a criminal trial gives a verdict of not guilty even though they think a defendant has broken the law. The jury's reasons may include the belief that the law itself is unjust, [5][6] that the prosecutor has misapplied the ...
Historical negationism, [1][2] also called historical denialism, is falsification [3][4] or distortion of the historical record. This is not the same as historical revisionism, a broader term that extends to newly evidenced, fairly reasoned academic reinterpretations of history. [5] In attempting to revise and influence the past, historical ...
Textualism is a formalist theory in which the interpretation of the law is based exclusively on the ordinary meaning of the legal text, where no consideration is given to non-textual sources, such as intention of the law when passed, the problem it was intended to remedy, or significant questions regarding the justice or rectitude of the law.
The following are some of the most well-known cognitive distortions: 1. Confirmation bias - the tendency to seek, interpret, and memorize information in a way that confirms existing beliefs. 2. Attribution bias - the tendency to erroneously attribute the causes of events to some attributes or factors. 3.