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The dyadic transformation provides an example of how a simple 1-dimensional map can give rise to chaos. This map readily generalizes to several others. This map readily generalizes to several others. An important one is the beta transformation , defined as T β ( x ) = β x mod 1 {\displaystyle T_{\beta }(x)=\beta x{\bmod {1}}} .
Note: solving for ′ returns the resultant angle in the first quadrant (< <). To find , one must refer to the original Cartesian coordinate, determine the quadrant in which lies (for example, (3,−3) [Cartesian] lies in QIV), then use the following to solve for :
Van der Waerden [11] cites the polynomial f(x) = x 5 − x − 1. By the rational root theorem, this has no rational zeroes. Neither does it have linear factors modulo 2 or 3. The Galois group of f(x) modulo 2 is cyclic of order 6, because f(x) modulo 2 factors into polynomials of orders 2 and 3, (x 2 + x + 1)(x 3 + x 2 + 1).
In mathematics, a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′-Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle .
Some transformations that are non-linear on an n-dimensional Euclidean space R n can be represented as linear transformations on the n+1-dimensional space R n+1. These include both affine transformations (such as translation) and projective transformations. For this reason, 4×4 transformation matrices are widely used in 3D computer graphics.
Applying the Mycielskian repeatedly, starting with the one-edge graph, produces a sequence of graphs M i = μ(M i−1), sometimes called the Mycielski graphs. The first few graphs in this sequence are the graph M 2 = K 2 with two vertices connected by an edge, the cycle graph M 3 = C 5, and the Grötzsch graph M 4 with 11 vertices and 20 edges.
The lemniscate functions sl and cl can be defined as the solution to the initial value problem: [5] = (+ ) , = (+ ) , =, =, or equivalently as the inverses of an elliptic integral, the Schwarz–Christoffel map from the complex unit disk to a square with corners {,,,}: [6]
Every cycle graph is a circulant graph, as is every crown graph with number of vertices congruent to 2 modulo 4. The Paley graphs of order n (where n is a prime number congruent to 1 modulo 4) is a graph in which the vertices are the numbers from 0 to n − 1 and two vertices are adjacent if their difference is a quadratic residue modulo n.