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Optical microscope image showing a pinoid pit, characteristic microscopic feature of Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia) wood in the cross-field area In botanical terminology, softwoods are sourced from gymnosperms , primarily conifers , whereas hardwoods originate from angiosperms, specifically flowering plants.
The microscopic structure of conifer wood consists of two types of cells: parenchyma, which have an oval or polyhedral shape with approximately identical dimensions in three directions, and strongly elongated tracheids. Tracheids make up more than 90% of timber volume.
1980: Wood Identification: An Annotated Bibliography [9] 1981 (August, reprinted March 2013): New Perspectives in Wood Anatomy: Published on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the International Association of Wood Anatomists [10] 1989: IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification [11] 1994: Directory of Members [12]
Pinidae (Pinophyta, [18] [28] conifers 70, 600) The term Pinophyta has also been used to include all conifers, extinct and extant, with Pinales representing all the extant conifers. [29] Christenhusz and colleagues extended the system of Chase and Reveal [19] to provide a revised classification of gymnosperms in 2011, based on the above four ...
The Pinaceae (/ p ɪ ˈ n eɪ s iː ˌ iː,-s i ˌ aɪ /), or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as cedars, firs, hemlocks, piñons, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, formerly known as Coniferales.
The xylem, vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all parts of the plants. The system transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots throughout the plant. It is also used to replace water lost during transpiration and photosynthesis.
Giant sequoia. Silvics of North America (1991), [1] a forest inventory compiled and published by the United States Forest Service, includes many conifers. [a] It superseded Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States (1965), which was the first extensive American tree inventory. [3]
For example, balsa wood, which is a hardwood, is softer than most softwoods, whereas the longleaf pine, Douglas fir, and yew softwoods are much harder than several hardwoods. [ citation needed ] Several specific natural, macroscopic and microscopic features of wood are used in the identification process of a softwood species.