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Racial identity development defines an individual's attitudes about self-identity, and directly affects the individual's attitudes about other individuals both within their racial group(s) and others. Racial identity development often requires individuals to interact with concepts of inequality and racism that shape racial understandings in the US.
The White racial identity attitude scale was developed by African American Psychologists, Janet Helms and Robert Carter in 1990. It was designed and consists of 50 items to help understand the attitudes reflecting the five-status model of the White racial identity development (contact, disintegration, reintegration/pseudo independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy). [5]
Cultural socialization is the mode by which parents of ethnic children communicate cultural values and history to address ethnic and racial issues. [4] Research has consistently linked cultural socialization with positive psycho-social outcomes such as a decrease in anxiety, anger, depressive symptoms, and overall psychological distress as a result of facing discrimination. [4]
This study was conducted by four psychologists and "explored essential themes of racial identity development among 10 self-identified multiracial adults from a variety of backgrounds." In the study, participants were chosen through a half-structured protocol, [clarification needed] interviewed in a recorded session. Four themes were identified ...
Described as a "process oriented model for describing the racial consciousness of white Americans", the study was a forerunner for later process and data-led models. [20] In 1990, the White Racial Identity Development by Janet E. Helms explored the perceptions and self-identification of white people. [21]
William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
Metropolitan Water District board members clashed over Chairwoman Gloria Gray's appointees to lead committees, disagreeing on questions of diversity.
In order to delve further into the topic of racial formation, practitioners explore the question of what "race" is. Racial formation theory is a framework that seeks to deconstruct race as it exists today in the United States. To do this, the authors first explore the historical development of race as a dynamic and fluid social construct. This ...