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Gerrymandering soon began to be used to describe cases of district shape manipulation for partisan gain in other states. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word's acceptance was marked by its publication in a dictionary (1848) and in an encyclopedia (1868). [ 14 ]
Federalist newspapers' editors and others at the time likened the district shape to a salamander, and the word gerrymander was born out of a portmanteau of that word and Governor Gerry's surname. Partisan gerrymandering, which refers to redistricting that favors one political party, has a long tradition in the United States.
During Reconstruction, the 1869 Texas Constitution apportioned the state four seats in the United States House of Representatives. The state only had one set of legislative districts, with each district electing one senator and two to four representatives. [17] Texas's current redistricting system was established by its 1876 Constitution. [18]
Gerrymandering in the redistricting process has been a problem since the early days of the republic. [8] In recent years, critics have argued that redistricting has been used to neutralize minority voting power. [9] Supporters say it enhances electoral competitiveness. [10]
The old gerrymandering had a very bad stench and is still practiced in many states including Texas, columnist George Skelton writes. Column: Gerrymandering still exists in California. But reforms ...
Unbalanced or discriminatory delimitation is called "gerrymandering." [ 2 ] Though there are no internationally agreed processes that guarantee fair delimitation, several organizations, such as the Commonwealth Secretariat , the European Union and the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) have proposed guidelines for effective ...
In some instances, majority-minority districts may result from affirmative racial gerrymandering. The value of drawing district lines to create majority-minority districts is a matter of dispute both within and outside of minority communities.
Amarillo, Texas, went from a high of 70 degrees to a low of 13 that day. Oklahoma City set both a daily record high (83 degrees) before the front, and a daily record low (17) after the front on ...