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A battery charger, recharger, or simply charger, [1] [2] is a device that stores energy in an electric battery by running current through it. The charging protocol—how much voltage and current, for how long and what to do when charging is complete—depends on the size and type of the battery being charged.
Modern NiMH cells were based on this design. [10] The first consumer-grade NiMH cells became commercially available in 1989. [11] In 1998, Stanford Ovshinsky at Ovonic Battery Co., which had been working on MH-NiOOH batteries since mid-1980, [12] improved the Ti–Ni alloy structure and composition and patented its innovations. [13]
A nickel–hydrogen battery (NiH 2 or Ni–H 2) is a rechargeable electrochemical power source based on nickel and hydrogen. [5] It differs from a nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) battery by the use of hydrogen in gaseous form, stored in a pressurized cell at up to 1200 psi (82.7 bar ) pressure. [ 6 ]
Typical Duracell 9V battery. Duracell Inc. is an American manufacturer of alkaline batteries, specialty cells, and rechargeables; it is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway since 2016. The company has its origins in the 1920s, through the work of Samuel Ruben and Philip Mallory, and the formation of the P. R. Mallory Company.
This makes NiMH batteries better suited for high current applications than alkaline batteries. [10] Self-discharge rates are comparable between NiMH and alkaline batteries during the first six months. [10] Rechargeable alkaline batteries produce a voltage of about 1.5V, compared with NiCd and NiMH batteries which produce about 1.2V.
Nickel–zinc batteries have a charge–discharge curve similar to 1.2 V NiCd or NiMH cells, but with a higher 1.6 V nominal voltage. [5]Nickel–zinc batteries perform well in high-drain applications, and may have the potential to replace lead–acid batteries because of their higher energy-to-mass ratio and higher power-to-mass ratio – as little as 25% of the mass for the same power. [6]
NiMH Ni-MH Metal hydride: KOH Yes 1990 [1] 0.9–1.05 [27] 1.2 [11] 1.3 [27] 0.36 ... Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal ...
The energy used to charge rechargeable batteries usually comes from a battery charger using AC mains electricity, although some are equipped to use a vehicle's 12-volt DC power outlet. The voltage of the source must be higher than that of the battery to force current to flow into it, but not too much higher or the battery may be damaged.