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19th-century feminists reacted to cultural inequities including the pernicious, widespread acceptance of the Victorian image of women's "proper" role and "sphere". [57] The Victorian ideal created a dichotomy of "separate spheres" for men and women that was very clearly defined in theory, though not always in reality.
The Culture of Domesticity (often shortened to Cult of Domesticity [1]) or Cult of True Womanhood is a term used by historians to describe what they consider to have been a prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the 19th century in the United States. [2]
During the early years of settlement in the late 19th century, farm women played an integral role in assuring family survival by working outdoors. After a generation or so, women increasingly left the fields, thus redefining their roles within the family. New conveniences such as sewing and washing machines encouraged women to turn to domestic ...
In the mid 19th-century, Minna Canth first started to address feminist issues in public debate, such as women's education and sexual double standards. [26] The Finnish women's movement organized with the foundation of the Suomen Naisyhdistys in 1884, which was the first feminist women's organisation in Finland. [27]
Traditionally, since the 19th century, first-wave liberal feminism, which sought political and legal equality through reforms within a liberal democratic framework, was contrasted with labour-based proletarian women's movements that over time developed into socialist and Marxist feminism based on class struggle theory. [13]
The Early Feminists: Radical Unitarians and the Emergence of the Women’s Rights Movement, 1831–51 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995). Gorham, Deborah. The Victorian girl and the feminine ideal (Routledge, 2012). Hawkins, Sue. Nursing and women's labour in the nineteenth century: the quest for independence (Routledge, 2010). Kent, Christopher.
Women artists became "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern and freer "New Woman". [26] In the late 19th century, Charles Dana Gibson depicted the "New Woman" in his piece, The Reason Dinner was Late, which shows a woman painting a policeman. [27] [28]
First-wave feminism was a period of feminist activity and thought that occurred within the 19th and early 20th century throughout the world. It focused on legal issues, primarily on gaining women's suffrage (the right to vote). 1824: "Men and Women: Brief Hypothesis Concerning the Difference in their Genius" published by John Neal [3]